stdio: stdin, stdout, stderr
- Qiling is able to hijack stdin, stdout, stderr and and replace with custom functions.
from qiling import *
class StringBuffer:
def __init__(self):
self.buffer = b''
def read(self, n):
ret = self.buffer[:n]
self.buffer = self.buffer[n:]
return ret
def readline(self, end=b'\n'):
ret = b''
while True:
c = self.read(1)
ret += c
if c == end:
break
return ret
def write(self, string):
self.buffer += string
return len(string)
def force_call_dialog_func(ql):
# get DialogFunc address
lpDialogFunc = ql.unpack32(ql.mem.read(ql.arch.regs.esp - 0x8, 4))
# setup stack for DialogFunc
ql.stack_push(0)
ql.stack_push(1001)
ql.stack_push(273)
ql.stack_push(0)
ql.stack_push(0x0401018)
# force EIP to DialogFunc
ql.arch.regs.eip = lpDialogFunc
def our_sandbox(path, rootfs):
ql = Qiling(path, rootfs)
ql.os.stdin = StringBuffer()
ql.os.stdin.write(b"Ea5yR3versing\n")
ql.hook_address(force_call_dialog_func, 0x00401016)
ql.run()
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Flag is : Ea5yR3versing
our_sandbox(["rootfs/x86_windows/bin/Easy_CrackMe.exe"], "rootfs/x86_windows")
Hijack objects via fs mapper
Fs mapper works in two ways.
- Hijack the path in emulated environment to the paht on your host machine. e.g. Bind '/dev/urandom' to the real device.
from qiling import *
if __name__ == "__main__":
ql = Qiling(["rootfs/x86_linux/bin/x86_fetch_urandom"], "rootfs/x86_linux")
ql.add_fs_mapper("/dev/urandom", "/dev/urandom")
ql.run()
- Redirect the read/write operations to a user-defined object.
This is advanced usage for fs mapper. Below is an example which maps '/dev/urandom' to a user-defined implementation. Note all such objects should inherit from QlFsMappedObject.
from qiling import *
from qiling.os.mapper import QlFsMappedObject
class Fake_urandom(QlFsMappedObject):
def read(self, size):
return b"\x01" # fixed value for reading /dev/urandom
def fstat(self): # syscall fstat will ignore it if return -1
return -1
def close(self):
return 0
if __name__ == "__main__":
ql = Qiling(["rootfs/x86_linux/bin/x86_fetch_urandom"], "rootfs/x86_linux")
ql.add_fs_mapper("/dev/urandom", Fake_urandom())
ql.run()
Another usage can be disk emulation. As is often the case, a program would like to access disks directly and you can utilize fs mapper to emulate a disk.
from qiling import *
from qiling.os.disk import QlDisk
from qiling.const import QL_VERBOSE
if __name__ == "__main__":
ql = Qiling(["rootfs/8086_dos/petya/mbr.bin"],
"rootfs/8086_dos",
console=False,
verbose=QL_VERBOSE.DEBUG,
log_dir=".")
# Note:
# This image is only intended for PoC since the core petya code resides in the
# sepecific sectors of a harddisk. It doesn't contain any data, either encryted
# or unencrypted.
ql.add_fs_mapper(0x80, QlDisk("rootfs/8086_dos/petya/out_1M.raw", 0x80))
ql.run()
The QlDisk in practice inherits from QlFsMappedObejct and implements disk operation logic like cylinder, head, sectors and logic block address. out_1M.raw is a raw disk image and 0x80 is the disk drive index in BIOS and DOS. For Linux and Windows, the drive index could be '/dev/sda' or '\.\PHYSICALDRIVE0'.
ql.os.set_syscall()
- Custom syscall handler by syscall name or syscall number.
- Notes: If the syscall function is not be implemented in qiling, qiling does not know which function should be replaced.
- In that case, you must specify syscall by its number.
- To reset, ql.os.set_syscall("write", None)
from qiling import *
from qiling.const import *
def my_syscall_write(ql, write_fd, write_buf, write_count, *args, **kw):
regreturn = 0
try:
buf = ql.mem.read(write_buf, write_count)
ql.nprint("\n+++++++++\nmy write(%d,%x,%i) = %d\n+++++++++" % (write_fd, write_buf, write_count, regreturn))
ql.os.file_des[write_fd].write(buf)
regreturn = write_count
except:
regreturn = -1
ql.nprint("\n+++++++++\nmy write(%d,%x,%i) = %d\n+++++++++" % (write_fd, write_buf, write_count, regreturn))
if ql.verbose >= QL_VERBOSE.DEBUG:
raise
ql.os.definesyscall_return(regreturn)
if __name__ == "__main__":
ql = Qiling(["rootfs/arm_linux/bin/arm_hello"], "rootfs/arm_linux", verbose=QL_VERBOSE.DEBUG)
ql.os.set_syscall(0x04, my_syscall_write)
ql.os.set_syscall("write", my_syscall_write)
ql.run()
Posix - ql.os.set_api()
- Posix's Libc function replacement
from qiling import *
from qiling.os.const import STRING
from qiling.const import QL_VERBOSE
def my_puts(ql):
params = ql.os.resolve_fcall_params({'s': STRING})
print(f'puts("{params["s"]}")')
if __name__ == "__main__":
ql = Qiling(["rootfs/x8664_linux/bin/x8664_hello"], "rootfs/x8664_linux", verbose=QL_VERBOSE.DEBUG)
ql.os.set_api('puts', my_puts)
ql.run()
Non Posix - ql.os.set_api()
- Mostly used in Windows API
from qiling import *
from qiling.os.windows.fncc import *
from qiling.os.windows.utils import *
from qiling.const import *
@winsdkapi(cc=STDCALL, dllname=dllname)
def my_puts(ql, address, params):
ret = 0
ql.nprint("\n+++++++++\nmy random Windows API\n+++++++++\n")
string = params["str"]
ret = len(string)
return ret
def my_onenter(ql, address, params):
print("\n+++++++++\nmy OnEnter")
print("lpSubKey: %s" % params["lpSubKey"])
params = ({'hKey': 2147483649, 'lpSubKey': 'Software', 'phkResult': 4294954932})
print("+++++++++\n")
return address, params
def my_onexit(ql, address, params):
print("\n+++++++++\nmy OnExit")
print("params: %s" % params)
print("+++++++++\n")
def my_sandbox(path, rootfs):
ql = Qiling(path, rootfs, verbose=QL_VERBOSE.DEBUG)
ql.os.set_api("_cexit", my_onenter, QL_INTERCEPT.ENTER)
ql.os.set_api("puts", my_puts)
ql.os.set_api("atexit", my_onexit, QL_INTERCEPT.EXIT)
ql.run()
if __name__ == "__main__":
my_sandbox(["rootfs/x8664_windows/bin/x8664_hello.exe"], "rootfs/x8664_windows")
On enter interceptor on Posix function with ql.os.set_api()
- Hijack parameter before Posix function
- Posix's Libc function replacement
from qiling import *
from qiling.const import *
from qiling.os.const import STRING
def my_puts(ql):
params = ql.os.resolve_fcall_params({'s': STRING})
print('Hijack Libc puts("{params["s"]}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
ql = Qiling(["rootfs/x8664_linux/bin/x8664_hello"], "rootfs/x8664_linux", verbose=QL_VERBOSE.DEBUG)
ql.os.set_api('puts', my_puts, QL_INTERCEPT.ENTER)
ql.run()
- However, Windows and UEFI usages are different from posix.
from qiling import *
from qiling.const import *
def my_onenter(ql, address, params):
print("\n+++++++++\nmy OnEnter")
print("lpSubKey: %s" % params["lpSubKey"])
params = ({'hKey': 2147483649, 'lpSubKey': 'Software', 'phkResult': 4294954932})
print("+++++++++\n")
return address, params
def my_sandbox(path, rootfs):
ql = Qiling(path, rootfs, verbose=QL_VERBOSE.DEBUG)
ql.os.set_api("_cexit", my_onenter, QL_INTERCEPT.ENTER)
ql.run()
if __name__ == "__main__":
my_sandbox(["rootfs/x8664_windows/bin/x8664_hello.exe"], "rootfs/x8664_windows")
On enter interceptor with ql.os.set_syscall
- Hijack parameter before OS APIs or syscall
- Example below shows replaced parameter of syscall 0x1 with write_onenter
from qiling import *
from qiling.const import *
def write_onenter(ql, arg1, arg2, arg3, *args):
print("enter write syscall!")
ql.arch.regs.rsi = arg2 + 1
ql.arch.regs.rdx = arg3 - 1
if __name__ == "__main__":
ql = Qiling(["rootfs/x8664_linux/bin/x8664_hello"], "rootfs/x8664_linux", verbose=QL_VERBOSE.DEBUG)
ql.os.set_syscall(1, write_onenter, QL_INTERCEPT.ENTER)
ql.run()
On exit interceptor with ql.os.set_syscall()
- Hijack returns value after OS APIs or syscall execution
- Example below shows replaced output result of syscall 0x1 with write_onExit
from qiling import *
from qiling.const import *
def write_onExit(ql, arg1, arg2, arg3, *args):
print("exit write syscall!")
ql.arch.regs.rax = arg3 + 1
if __name__ == "__main__":
ql = Qiling(["rootfs/x8664_linux/bin/x8664_hello"], "rootfs/x8664_linux", verbose=QL_VERBOSE.DEBUG)
ql.os.set_syscall(1, write_onExit, QL_INTERCEPT.EXIT)
ql.run()
On exit interceptor with ql.os.set_api()
- However, Windows and UEFI usages are different from posix.
from qiling import *
from qiling.const import *
def my_onexit(ql, address, params):
ql.nprint("\n+++++++++\nmy OnExit")
print("params: %s" % params)
ql.nprint("+++++++++\n")
def my_sandbox(path, rootfs):
ql = Qiling(path, rootfs, verbose=QL_VERBOSE.DEBUG)
ql.os.set_api("RegDeleteValueW", my_onexit, QL_INTERCEPT.EXIT)
ql.run()
if __name__ == "__main__":
my_sandbox(["rootfs/x86_windows/bin/RegDemo.exe"], "rootfs/x86_windows")
ql.patch()
- Patching a binary or patching a lib loaded by the binary
ql.patch(0x0000000000000575, b'qiling\x00', file_name = b'libpatch_test.so')
ql.patch(0x0000000000000575, b'qiling\x00')
ql.compile()
- Backed by keystone engine, compile any code into binary. Mainly for ql.patch()
ql.compile(ASM, ql.arch.type)